Filippo Brunelleschi

How a frustrated sculptor became the greatest architect of the Renaissance

Brunelleschi
Brunelleschi contemplates the cathedral dome that made him famous from a niche on the south side of Piazza del Duomo.

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Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446) was a talented, hot-tempered, balding little man whose one dream in life was to be a great sculptor.

In fact, he once set up a little wager with his best buddy, Donatello, over who was the better carver.

Breaking some eggs in the Christ competition

Donatello had carved a small wood Crucifix for Santa Croce and asked Brunelleschi's opinion of it.

Now, Donatello was ahead of his time in incorporating naturalism and exacting verisimilitude in his art, and he had carved a very life-like Christ (as opposed to the stylized, Byzantine models that had come before).

But when Brunelleschi saw it, perhaps expect something a bit more graceful (and known for being blunt), he told Donatello it seemed he had "put on the cross the body of a peasant, not the body of Jesus Christ."

Donatello was usually a pretty easy-going guy, but these words from his friend and artistic confident must have stung, because he replied, "If it was as easy to make something as it is to criticize, my Christ would really look to you like Christ. So you get some wood and try to make one yourself."

Secretly, Brunelleschi did just that.

Several months went by, and the two were back to being best buds. One day, Brunelleschi asked Donatello to come over for dinner, and on their way to Brunelleschi's place they stopped for some eggs. Brunelleschi asked Donatello to gather these in his apron and go on to the studio ahead of him, as Brunelleschi still had a few more things to pick up.

Crucifixions by Filippo Brunelleschi 9left) and Donatello (right). (Photos by Sailko)
Crucifixions by Filippo Brunelleschi (left) and Donatello (right). (Photos by Sailko)When Donatello entered Brunelleschi's place, he saw Brunelleschi's Crucifix—placed so Donatello couldn't miss it upon entering. He was astonished and overwhelmed by its beauty that he dropped his hands, and the eggs smashed the the floor. Brunelleschi found him this way, still admiring the work.

Brunelleschi asked Donatello what he thought, and he replied humbly, "Your job is making Christs, and mine is making peasants."

(Of course, to modern sensibilities, Donatello's "peasants" are far more interesting than the lithe and graceful but more ethereal likes of Brunelleschi's works. Suffice to say: they were both supremely talented. Donatello was simply more original.)

The day Brunelleschi gave up his dreams of being a sculptor

Brunelleschi's Sacrifice of Isaac for the 1401 baptistry competition, in the Bargello Museum of Florence
Ghiberti's Sacrifice of Isaac for the 1401 baptistry competition, in the Bargello Museum of Florence
Two takes on the Sacrifice of Isaac for the 1401 Baptistery doors competition. Above, Brunelleschi's runner-up entry; below, Ghiberti's winning entry. (Photos by Sailko)However, in the famous 1401 competition to cast the new Baptistery doors, Brunelleschi, Donatello, and many other noted sculptors of the day all lost out to an upstart named Ghiberti.

The authorities offered Brunelleschi the task of collaborating with the unproven young sculptor to execute the commission, but the haughty Brunelleschi refused.

In typical hotheaded fashion, Brunelleschi resolved he would be second to no one, and gave up sculpture entirely.

Frustrated, Brunelleschi set his sights on mastering a different art. He invited Donatello to accompany him to Rome where they both could study ancient masters: Donatello those of sculpture, and Brunelleschi those of architecture.

Enter the architect

Not to spoil the ending, but upon his return to Florence, Brunelleschi's career as an architect succeeded beyond his wildest dreams (well, perhaps not his wildest dreams; the man was pretty arrogant and convinced of his own greatness to begin with).

He patented a style that we still call "Brunelleschian"—mathematically precise spaces of voluminous cubes and solid yet elegant curves, the walls layered in soft, off-white plaster, the architectural lines picked out in gray pietra serena stonework.

However, before he became the most popular designer of major churches in Florence, Brunelleschi had to prove himself. In the process, he ended up creating the very symbol of Florence itself.

The Cathedral dome

Inside Brunelleschi's dome
The ingenious construction of Brunelleschi's dome.By the early 15th century, Florence had nearly finished its ambitious, enormous new cathedral. There was only one problem. At its center was a yawning space, an architectural conundrum that had been kicked down the line of responsibility, each architect figuring the next one would have to figure it out.

See, the dome necessary to cover this space was far larger than any attempted since antiquity—and no architect of the time had any idea how to span the space.

No architect, that is, save Brunelleschi.

All the experts of the day said no one would ever be able to erect a dome that big—not without using scaffolding and supports that would be far too costly to build.

Among the suggestions to solve this part of the problem was to pile up a mound of dirt inside the cathedral, seeded with small coins. The dirt could be used as a support for building the dome, and then removed at no cost by inviting the poor to come take away pails of dirt in the hopes of finding some cash in it.

Scaffolding (or dirt pile) aside, even if it the workers had something to stand on while they labored, and even if the thing could be built, many were afraid a dome that large would simply collapse under its own weight.

Brunelleschi proved them all wrong

Eggs again

According to legend, Brunelleschi approached the church works authorities claiming he knew the answer and could build the required dome, but he refused to reveal his solution until granted to commission to do so. The authorities were just as stubborn, and refused to grant such a major commission to a relatively untested architect. Besides, they had a long line of artists eager and willing to take on the task, may of whom had sketched plans or made models.

They were at a standstill. Then Brunelleschi issued his challenge. He produced and egg and a slab of marble. He said that if any of the other artists up for the job there could make the egg stand on its end on the smooth marble, he would tell them how he planned to build the dome. If they could not, and Brunelleschi could, he would receive the commission with no questions asked.

They passed around the egg, each trying carefully to balance it on its end, each failing. Then it was Brunelleschi turn. He took the egg in hand and brought it down firmly, end-first, onto the the slab. The end cracked and flattened, and the egg stood there, oozing albumin. The gathered artists and dignitaries were indignant, claiming he was a cheat and that any of them could easily have done the same thing. To this, Brunelleschi replied, "And any one of you would have know how to vault the cupola, had you seen my model or plans."

Now there's every reason to believe this story is apocryphal (you may have heard it told about Columbus, too), but it's the one Vasari tells, it fits nicely with Brunelleschi's character, and perhaps most importantly it neatly brings the broken egg theme back into the story. (For the record: if true, Brunelleschi was playing a pretty big gamble here, because you can, actually, balance an egg on its end; all you need are steady hands—and the time of year has nothing to do with it, for forget that old tale about the equinox.)

Regardless of whatever theatrics may or may not have gone on, Brunelleschi eventually managed to secure the commission. And he did build the dome: 45m (148 feet) wide and 90m (295 feet) high from drum to the top of the lantern (rising to a total of 114.5m, or 375 feet, feet off the ground), with no pile of dirt or forests of scaffolding to support it, and—far from collapsing under its owen weight, the dome stands to this day, rising nobly above the city skyline as the symbol of Florence.

Here's how he did it.

The building of the dome

La cupola di Brunelleschi sul Duomo di Firenze
Brunelleschi's Dome on the cathedral of FlorenceWhat Brunelleschi had actually done was to unlock the secrets of Rome's Pantheon. He used vertical marble ribs to distribute the weight, wrapping the inner wall with sandstone and chain "barrel hoops" between the ribs to prevent them from spreading.

He built the dome not as one piece but of two shells, an inner and an outer one, each thinning as they approached each other and the top).

He also had the brilliant idea to use interlocking bricks in a herringbone pattern. Bricks were lighter than stone, and interlocking them enabled the thing actually to support itself against its ribs as it was being built, removing the need for interior scaffolding at all—at least to support the structure's weight.

The workers still needed something to stand on while they laid all that brick, of course. So Brunelleschi simply incorporated hooks, holes, and rings into his design so that small, movable sections of scaffolding could actually be hung from completed sections of the dome, enabling his crew to work on the next section up (picture a window-washer's hanging platform).

Construction progressed from 1420 to 1436, during which time Brunelleschi developed several novel cranes and pulley systems to ferry materials up to the work area (some originals still on display in the Duomo Museum). He even installed a small taverna on site so workers wouldn't have to waste time climbing back down to the ground for lunch.

Brunelleschi didn't simply design an impressively large (and quite beautiful) dome. In the process, he also midwifed massive advances in engineering, created dozens of suddenly indispensable tools and machines, and revolutionized the Renaissance construction industry.

No bad for someone who had set out to be a sculptor.

For his efforts, Filippo Brunelleschi was according a singular honor. He remains the only Florentine ever buried in the cathedral itself—directly below his revolutionary dome.

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This material was last updated January 2011. All information was accurate at the time.

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